Progress on Modified Calcium Oxide Derived Waste-Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types natural waste shell are potential calcium resource generation bio-based CaO, comparable chemical characteristics, greatly enhance activity. However, CaO catalyzed is limited its stability studies shown deterioration catalytic reactivity when reused several cycles. For this reason, different approaches reviewed present study, which focuses on modification waste-shell derived based aim better high reusability leaching profile modified discussed. In addition, critical discussion structure, composition shell, mechanism reaction, recent progress reactor systems challenges industrial sector also included review.